Appendix A. Recommended Reading

Broadening Access

AAAS MiSciNet: Minority Scientists Network.
Available at http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/miscinet/.

Burelli, J.S. (2004). Info Brief: Emigration of U.S.-born S&E doctorate recipients (NSF 04-327).
Available at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/infbrief/nsf04327/start.htm.
“Despite efforts of science and technology groups in the United States and abroad to encourage American scientists to work overseas, relatively few U.S.-born S&E doctorate recipients from U.S. universities plan to work or study abroad at the time of receiving their doctorates. In contrast, a large number of students come to the United States to earn S&E doctorate degrees, and many foreign-born U.S.-trained S&E doctorate recipients remain in the United States."

Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology Development (CAWMSET). (2004). A bridge for all: Higher education design principles to broaden participation in science, technology and mathematics. Building Engineering and Science Talent report.
Available at http://www.bestworkforce.org/PDFdocs/BEST_BridgeforAll_HighEdFINAL.pdf.
Report provides specific recommendations to increase diversity in science and engineering.

Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology Development (CAWMSET). (2002). Land of plenty: Diversity as America’s competitive edge in science, engineering and technology. Building Engineering and Science Talent report.
Available at http://www.doleta.gov/h-1b/pdf/cawmset_report.pdf.

Field, K. (October 2004). Fixing the visa quagmire. Chronicle of Higher Education.
Available at http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v51/i07/07a04001.htm.
The article discusses recent changes that the United States has made with regard to visa issues and compares the "old” visa system with the new.

Freeman, R. (2002). Thanks for the great postdoc bargain. Science’s Nextwave.
Available at http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2002/08/23/4?

Malcom, S., George, Y., and Horne, V. (eds.). (1996). The effect of the changing policy climate on science, mathematics and engineering diversity. Ch. 2, General recommendations from the forum. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Recommendations presented to government and institutions to increase participation of minorities and women in science.

McCullough, J., and Thurgood, L. (2004). Outcomes and impacts of the National Science Foundation’s program of minority postdoctoral research fellowships (NSF 04-1021).
Available at http://www.minoritypostdoc.org/assets/downloads/Poston-NSF-041021.pdf.
Study contracted through SRI to determine the career progress of NSF’s Minority Postdoctoral Research Fellowship grantees.

Mervis, J. (1999). Minority postdocs are rare, independent breed. Science 285:1529-1530.
Discusses why there are few minority postdocs, programs that are in place to encourage participation, and the lack of data.

National Science Foundation. (1996). Building diversity in the scientific workforce. Minority Postdoctoral Research Fellows and Mentors Annual Meeting Report (NSF 98-37).
Available at http://www.nsf.gov/pubsys/ods/getpub.cfm?nsf9837.

Nelson, D.J., and Rogers, D.C. (January 15, 2004). A national analysis of diversity in science and engineering faculties at research universities.
Available at http://www.now.org/issues/diverse/diversity_report.pdf.
The release was held at the National Press Club and was moderated by Catherine Didion, Executive Director for Association for Women in Science.

Prewitt, K. (2003). Higher education and the diversity initiative. Council of Graduate Schools Communicator 36:2.
Available at http://www.cgsnet.org/PublicationsPolicyRes/Communicatorpdfs/2003/March2003.pdf.

Selected excerpts from the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) Policy: Statement of Principles on Family Responsibility and Academic Work.
Full statement can be obtained at http://www.aaup.org/statements/REPORTS/re01fam.htm.

Facilitating Transitions Into and Out of the Postdoctorate

Cherwitz, R.A., and Sullivan, T.A. (August 2002). Postdocs as intellectual entrepreneurs. Science’s Nextwave.
Available at http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2002/08/27/4?
Article discusses ways to get career information to postdocs by universities and funding agencies.

Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology. (1997). Postdocs and career prospects: A status report.
"Results of a study which examines postdoctoral appointments, both permanent and temporary. The study reports on opportunities for employment, the best time to find employment and the recent trends in transitioning to the work force."

Freeman, R., Weinstein, E., Marincola, E., Rosenbaum, J., and Solomon, F. (2001). Competition and careers in biosciences. Science 294:2293-2294.
Available at http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/294/5550/2293.pdf.
Discusses tournament model and why it is not good for science and trainees (graduate students and postdocs). This article also includes important data.

Goldman, E., and Marshall, E. (2002). NIH grantees: Where have all the young ones gone? Science 298:40-41.
Available at http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/298/5591/40.pdf.

Hill, S.T., Hoffer, T.B., and Golladay, M.J. (2004). Info Brief: Plans for postdoctoral research appointments among recent U.S. doctorate recipients (NSF 04-308).
Available at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/infbrief/nsf04308/start.htm.
"This InfoBrief draws on data from the past decade of the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) to examine recent trends in the numbers of new doctorate recipients from U.S. institutions who accept postdoctoral positions. Because these positions can be broadly defined, this analysis relies on data provided by new doctorate recipients who reported having definite plans to take a position as a postdoctoral fellow, postdoctoral research associate, trainee or intern, or to do other postgraduate study. The data include only individuals who received research doctorates in the United States and do not reflect postdocs as a whole, as many U.S. postdoctoral positions are filled by persons who earned their doctorates outside of the United States."

Rapoport, A.I. (1998). Issue Brief: What is the debt burden of new science and engineering PhDs? (NSF 98-318).
Available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/issuebrf/sib98318.pdf.
"This issue brief discusses the indebtedness of new doctoral recipients resulting from their undergraduate and/or graduate education." Indebtedness rates are increasing. Over half of U.S. citizen S&E PhDs report debt at graduation; 32% of new U.S. citizen PhDs report having at least $10,000 in debt; 17% have over $20,000 in debt.

Regets, M. (1998). Has the use of postdocs changed? (NSF Brief 99-310).
Available at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/issuebrf/sib99310.pdf.
This brief examines the self-reported postdoc histories of holders of science and engineering PhDs from U.S. schools to address the question whether the use of postdocs has changed.

Providing Mechanisms for Enhancing Development and Choices of Careers During the Postdoctorate

Benderly, B.L. (2004). The incredible shrinking tenure track. Science’s Nextwave.
Available at http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2004/07/01/11?
This article discusses the need to educate postdocs about nontenure track jobs, such as staff scientist.

Benderly, B.L. (2005). New multiple PI policy may help postdocs. Science's Nextwave.
Available at http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2005/02/03/4.
OSTP is asking agencies to allow more than one PI on grants, which could encourage institutions to allow postdocs to be full co-PIs with their advisors.

Garrison, H.H., Gerbi, S.A., and Kincade, P.W. (Oct. 2003). In an era of scientific opportunity, are there opportunities for biomedical scientists? FASEB Journal express article 10.1096/fj.03-0836life.
Article discusses various issues, the declining number of tenure-track jobs, the decrease in number of U.S. citizen PhDs, decrease in the frequency and length of postdoctoral appointments, and the changing nature of the workforce.

Haak, L. (2002). Career development is a two-way street: The FASEB individual development plan for postdocs and mentors.
Available at http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2002/10/15/1?
Article about the FASEB IDP and what institutions are doing about evaluations.
Also see FASEB IDP: http://www.faseb.org/opar/ppp/educ/idp.html.
Plan developed by FASEB to encourage early discussions about careers and current performance between postdocs/grad students and advisers.

FASEB Postdoc Research and Career Progress: Annual Review.
Available at http://www.faseb.org/opa/ppp/educ/idp_annrev.html.
Plan to encourage discussion on annual reviews.

National Academies. (1998). Trends in the early careers of life scientists. National Academies Committee on Dimensions, Causes, and Implications of Recent Trends in the Careers of Life Scientists, National Research Council. National Academies Press.
Available at http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/trends/.

Nerad, M., and Cerny, J. (1999). Postdoctoral patterns, career advancement and problems. Science 285:1533-1535.
Article discussing the report, PhDs-Ten Years Later. Brings up the changing nature of the postdoc experience, employment trends by postdoc history and gender, major reasons for choosing a postdoc, and effects of having a family on careers.

"Postdocs changing the experience." (2004). Chemistry and Engineering News 82:57 and articles referenced within this URL.
Available at http://pubs.acs.org/cen/education/8238/print/8238education1.html. Also see http://nextwave.sciencemag.org and http://www. phds.org (click on postdocs).

Report from Postdoctoral Attendees at the 1998 GREAT Group Conference.
Available at http://www.aamc.org/members/great/postdoc98conf.htm.

Teitelbaum, M.S. (2002). "The US science and engineering workforce: An unconventional portrait." Paper prepared for the GUIRR Summit. Document argues that there is no a shortage of U.S.-produced PhDs since the careers in science and engineering are not attractive relative to other career opportunities.
Available at http://www.nap.edu/books/0309089603/html/1.html.

Wiesel, T., and Banda, E. (2002). A tree full of the fruits of opportunity. EMBO Reports 3:906-910. A new paradigm for education, training, and career paths in the natural sciences.
Available via http://www.emboreports.org/.
Argues that the paradigm for scientific training and careers should be a "tree with richly ramifying, permeable network of roots and branches."

Enhancing Standards of Professional and Personal Living

American Chemical Society. Professional employment guidelines.
Available at http://www.chemistry.org/portal/resources/ACS/ACSContent/careers/pdf/peg.pdf.

Barnhill, R.E., Frasier, H.S., and Stanzione, D. (2004). Support of graduate students and postdoctoral researchers in the sciences and engineering: Impact of related policies and practices. Council of Graduate Schools Communicator 37.
Available at http://www.cgsnet.org/pdf/AugSeptComm2004.pdf.

Brainard, J. (Feb. 21, 2003). Postdocs look to NIH for Rx on career woes.
Available at http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v49/i24/24a02001.htm [subscription required].
Article focusing on what the NIH could do to increase the pay and benefits for postdocs. Many issues are discussed, from data to taxes.

Colwell, R. (2002). Perspectives from NSF on the postdoctoral experience. Science’s Nextwave.
Available at http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2002/08/27/8?

Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. COSEPUP Guide Summary.
Full guide available at http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069963/html/.
Study performed by National Academy of Sciences by interviewing many different stakeholders. It includes recommendations for postdocs, faculty, institutions, funding organizations, and disciplinary societies.

Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. FASEB policy statement on postdoctoral training.
Available at http://www.faseb.org/opar/train_pol.html.

Guidelines for 2003 Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards (NRSA).
Available at http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-04-023.html.
This guide outlines salary levels for NRSA recipients-individual fellowships.

Haak, L. (2002). Federal science policy and the postdoc: What do postdocs want? Science’s Nextwave.
Available at http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2002/01/31/11?
This article is based on an informal poll of postdocs. The two top priorities for federal attention were salary and health benefits. Excellent overview of many of the issues.

Haak, L. (2002). Strategies to benefit postdocs: A guide to best practices.
Available at http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2002/06/05/7?
Article based on a questionnaire given to postdocs regarding salary and benefits at institutions. Presents four alternative strategies of providing benefits to postdocs used by institutions.

Milgram, S. (2002). Postdoc policy forum: Think globally; act locally.
Available at http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2002/09/12/1?
Postdoc issues from a faculty member’s perspective. Encourages postdocs to be more proactive in their own careers.

National Science Board. (1998). The federal role in science and engineering graduate and postdoctoral education (NSB 97-235).
Available at http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/documents/1997/nsb97235/nsb97235.htm.

National Science Foundation. A report from a recent NSF/NIH/CoGS Workshop "Support for Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Researchers in the Sciences and Engineering: Impact of Related Policies and Practices."
Available at http://www.nsf.gov/pubsys/ods/getpub.cfm?nsf0504.

Website for the National Postdoctoral Association.
Available at http://nationalpostdoc.org/.

Website for Sigma Xi’s postdoc survey at various targeted universities.
Available at http://postdoc.sigmaxi.org/.

General Workforce Reports

Babco, E., and Jesse, J. (2003). What does the future of the scientific labor market look like? Commission on Professional in Science and Technology.
Available at http://www.cpst.org/Future.pdf.
This report presents statistics outlining the changes in the U.S. scientific workforce over the past 20-30 years.

National Research Council, Committee on National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists Education and Career Studies Unit. (2000). Addressing the nation's changing needs for biomedical and behavioral scientists. National Academy Press.
Available at http://grants.nih.gov/training/nas_report/index.htm.
NIH’s response available at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-01-027.html.
FASEB’s response available at http://www.faseb.org/opar/nas_rep_comm.html.
AAMC’s response available at http://www.aamc.org/members/great/aamcnihresponseltr.htm.

National Science Foundation. (2003). The science and engineering workforce: Realizing America’s potential (NSB 03-69).
Available at http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/documents/2003/nsb0369/nsb0369.pdf.

National Science Foundation. (2004). Science and engineering indicators 2004 (NSB 04-01).
Available at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind04/start.htm.