Footnotes

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¹ "Pan-organizational Summit on the U.S. S&E Workforce," Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable, National Academies, Washington, D.C., December 2002.

² Gretchen Vogel, Science 285 (1999):1531.

³ Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000).

⁴ National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 2000 (Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2002).

⁵ S. Wilkinson, "Academic R&D Spending Trends," Chemical & Engineering News 81, No. 29(2003):25-29; http://pubs.acs.org/cen/pdf/8129web_only.pdf.

⁶ Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, op. cit.

⁷ Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, National Research Council, Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1998).

⁸ National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, op cit.

⁹ Ibid.

¹⁰ National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, Characteristics of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 2001 (Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2003).

¹¹ Data from Paul Spyropoulos, Division of Chemistry, National Science Foundation.

¹² R. Colwell, "Perspectives from NSF on the Postdoctoral Experience," Science NextWave: http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2002/08/27/8.

¹³ Joel Shulman, "New Opportunities, Models, and Missions," paper presented at the workshop.

¹⁴ http://www.nationalpostdoc.org; see also http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/pdn/index.shtml for information about the Postdoc Network.

¹⁵ See http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2000/11/06/5 for a summary.

¹⁶ See B. L. Benderly, "The California Plan," Science NextWave: http://nextwave.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2003/07/30/3

¹⁷ See, for example, http://www.emory.edu/WHSC/MED/PHYSIOLOGY/FIRST/.

¹⁸ http://postdoc.sigmaxi.org.